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 Subject: The Spelling of Endings  Thu 25 Nov - 22:31 |
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A- Plural nouns
We add s to a noun to form the plural.
a car —> two cars a name —> some names
1 After s, sh, ch and x we add es /iz/.
glass —> glasses dish —> dishes match
—> matches box —> boxes
2 A few nouns ending in o have es.
heroes potatoes tomatoes
But most have s.
discos kilos photos pianos radios
stereos studios zoos
3 When a noun ends in a consonant + y, the y
changes to ies.
penny —> pennies story —> stories We do
not change y after a vowel. day —> days
journey —> journeys
B The present simple s ending
In the third person singular, a present simple
verb ends in s. (See Unit 5B.)
I know —> he knows I work —> she works
1 After s, sh, ch and x we add es /iz/.
pass —> passes wash —> washes
catch —> catches mix —> mixes
2 Some verbs ending in o have es.
go —> goes do —> does
3 When a verb ends in a consonant + y,
the y changes to ies.
hurry --> hurries copy —> copies We
do not change y after a vowel. stay —>
stays enjoy —> enjoys
C The ed ending
Most verbs have ed in the past tense.
(See Unit 8B.) Most past participles also end
in ed. (See Unit 1 IB.)
look --> looked call -> called
1 If the verb ends in e, we add d.
hope —> hoped save —>saved
2 When a verb ends in a consonant + y, the y
changes to ied.
hurry —> hurried copy —> copied
3 Sometimes we double a final consonant. This
happens when a one-syllable verb ends with one
vowel and one consonant, e.g. beg, plan.
beg —> begged plan —> planned For
more details about doubling, see G.
D The ing-form
1 We normally leave out e when we add ing
to a verb.
take —> taking drive —> driving
But we keep a double e before ing.
see —> seeing agree —> agreeing
2 When a verb ends in ie, it changes to ying.
die —> dying lie —> lying
But y does not change.
hurry —> hurrying
3 Sometimes we double a final consonant. This
happens when a one-syllable verb ends with one
vowel and one consonant, e.g. win, put.
win —> winning put --> putting
For more details about doubling, see G.
E Adverbs
We form many adverbs from an adjective + ly.
slow —> slowly calm —> calmly
1 We do not leave out e before ly.
safe —> safely strange --> strangely
But there are a few exceptions.
due —> duly true —> truly
whole —> wholly
2 When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, the
y changes to ily.
angry —> angrily happy —> happily An
exception is shy --> shyly.
3 When an adjective ends in a consonant + le, the
e changes to y.
probable —> probably sensible —> sensibly
4 When an adjective ends in ic, we add ally.
automatic —> automatically romantic -->
romantically But there is one exception.
public —> publicly
F The comparison of adjectives
We form the comparative and superlative of
short adjectives with er and est. See Unit 110.
old —> older, oldest
quick —> quicker, quickest
1 If the adjective ends in e, we add r and st.
late —> later, latest fine —> finer, finest
2 When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, the
y changes to ier or iest.
heavy —> heavier, heaviest
lucky —> luckier, luckiest
3 Sometimes we double a final consonant. This
happens when a one-syllable adjective ends with
one vowel and one consonant, e.g. big, flat.
big —> bigger, biggest flat —> flatter, flattest
For more details about doubling, see G.
G The doubling of consonants
1 When we add ed, ing, er or est to a word, we
sometimes double a final consonant. This
happens when a one-syllable word ends with
one vowel and one consonant, e.g. stop, get,
thin, sad.
stop —> stopped get —> getting thin
—> thinner sad —> saddest
2 We do not double y, w or x.
play —> played new —> newest
fax —> faxing
We do not double when there are two
consonants.
ask —> asking short —> shortest
rich —> richer
And we do not double when there are two
vowels.
seem —> seemed shout—> shouting
fair —> fairest
3 The rule about doubling is also true for words
of more than one syllable (e.g. permit = per +
mit), but only if the last syllable is stressed.
per'mit —> per'mitted
prefer —> preferring
We do not usually double a consonant when the
syllable is unstressed.
'open —> opened 'enter—> entering
An exception is that in British English 1 is
usually doubled, even if the syllable is
unstressed.
travel ~> travelled (US: traveled)
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Solinet
Active Member
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| Subject: Re: The Spelling of Endings Thu 25 Nov - 22:37 |
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 A nice work, madam
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UnKnown
Active Member
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| Subject: Re: The Spelling of Endings Fri 26 Nov - 20:18 |
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Well done madam. I really wonder what we can do without you? surely nothing. 
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